Basic concepts of cryopreservation and the causes of cryoinjury are reviewe
d. The possible roles of cryoprotectants and additives are considered in th
e context of their putative interactions with the sperm plasma membrane. Mo
dern approaches to the laboratory assessment of spermatozoa after freeze-th
awing are also briefly discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights
reserved.