Pavlovian perceptions and primate realities

The extent to which Pavlovian feed-forward mechanisms operate in primates i s debatable. Monkeys and apes are long-lived, usually gregarious, and intel ligent animals reliant on learned behavior. Learning occurs during play, mo ther-infant interactions, and grooming. We address these situations. and ar e hesitant to accept Domjan et al.'s reliance on Pavlovian conditioning as a major operant in primates.