A series of bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazoles (BTPs) has been found to be a nov
el inhibitor of cytokine production. Identified initially as inhibitors of
IL-2 synthesis, the BTPs have been optimized in this regard and even inhibi
t IL-2 production with a 10-fold enhancement over cyclosporine in an ex viv
o assay. Additionally, the BTPs show inhibition of IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, and eo
taxin production. Unlike the IL-2 inhibitors, cycloseorine and FK506, the B
TPs do not directly inhibit the dephosphorylation of NFAT by calcineurin.