The behavior of nematic liquid crystals in spatially varying electrical fie
lds is investigated. Director profiles of nematic-liquid-crystal phase grat
ings are simulated for different orientations of the liquid-crystal directo
r field with respect to the electrode grating. With increasing spatial freq
uency of the grating the fringing electric field becomes important and the
diffraction pattern changes. The optical properties are analyzed and measur
ements are performed. (C) 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Eng
ineers. [S0091 -3286(00)03608-4].