'Bacilli and Bullets': William Osler and the antivaccination movement

Public discourse concerning current vaccination recommendations has dramati cally increased. The current battle is not new, having had a lengthy foresh adowing during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Over a 30-year period, a concerted effort to limit the use of smallpox vaccine grew at the very time typhoid vaccines were being developed and advocated for widespread prevent ion. As a long time advocate for widespread smallpox vaccination and a supp orter of the newly tested typhoid vaccine, Sir William Osler entered the pu blic debate at the beginning of World War I. Osler was asked to address the officers and men in the British army on the need for typhoid vaccination. His speech entitled "Bacilli and Bullets" outlined the medical reasons for getting inoculated against typhoid. Osler's strong support for typhoid vacc ination of the British troops was met by opposition in Parliament but not b y most of the troops. Osler's arguments in support of vaccination failed to respond to the concept of "conscientious objection," which was central to the antivaccinationists' argument. Similar arguments are being propounded b y current antivaccination groups.