Waste water reuse, the south African experience

Membrane processes have recently been applied much more extensively by Sout h African industry. A number of the older plants have suffered from fouling problems, sometimes brought on by changes in the feed stream. Newer instal lations are tending to apply the techniques of Cleaner Production to more c losely integrate the membrane process into the manufacturing process and to reduce the size of the installation. There has been a trend to investigate methods of using the brine in place of discharging it to the environment. Membrane related research is still very active and a range of current initi atives is provided.