A phylogenetic analysis of a combined data set for 560 angiosperms and seve
n outgroups based on three genes, 18S rDNA (1855 bp), rbcL (1428 bp), and a
tpB (1450 bp) representing a total of 4733 bp is presented. Parsimony analy
sis was expedited by use of a new computer program, the RATCHET. Parsimony
jackknifing was performed to assess the support of clades. The combination
of three data sets for numerous species has resulted in the most highly res
olved and strongly supported topology yet obtained for angiosperms. In cont
rast to previous analyses based on single genes, much of the spine of the t
ree and most of the larger clades receive jackknife support greater than or
equal to 50%. Some of the noneudicots form a grade followed by a strongly
supported eudicot clade. The early-branching angiosperms are Amborellaceae,
Nymphaeaceae, and a clade of Austrobaileyaceae, Illiciaceae, and Schisandr
aceae. The remaining noneudicots, except Ceratophyllaceae, form a weakly su
pported core cumagnoliid clads comprising six well-supported subclades: Chl
oranthaceae, monocots, Winteraceae/Canellaceae, Piperales, Laurales, and Ma
gnoliales. Ceratophyllaceae are sister to the eudicots. Within the well-sup
ported eudicot clade, the early-diverging eudicots (e.g. Proteales, Ranuncu
lales, Trochodendraceae, Sabiaceae) form a grade, followed by the core eudi
cots, the monophyly of which is also strongly supported. The core eudicots
comprise six well-supported subclades: (1) Berberidopsidaceae/Aextoxicaecae
; (2) Myrothamnaceae/Gunneraceae; (3) Saxifragales, which are the sister to
Vitaceae (including Lee a) plus a strongly supported eurosid clade; (4) Sa
ntalales; (5) Caryophyllales, to which Dilleniaceae are sister; and (6) an
asterid clade. The relationships among these six subclades of core eudicots
do not receive strong support. This large data set has also helped place a
number of enigmatic angiosperm families, including Podostemaceae, Aphloiac
eae, and Ixerbaceae. This analysis further illustrates the tractability of
large data sets and supports a recent, phylogenetically based, ordinal-leve
l reclassification of the angiosperms based largely, but not exclusively, o
n molecular (DNA sequence) data. (C) 2000 The Linnean Society of London.