Many treatment programs for domestic abuse perpetrators rely on consis
tent, direct, and often intense confrontation of defenses. These inter
ventions may unwittingly increase rather than decrease resistance and
defensiveness and may reinforce the belief that relationships are base
d on coercive influence. Available research suggests that confrontatio
nal, hostile, and critical therapist behaviors limit treatment effecti
veness and can harm vulnerable clients. Conversely a supportive and co
llaborative working alliance between therapist and client enhances tre
atment effects. Supportive strategies are available to increase motiva
tion to change in resistant clients. These techniques rely on a compre
hensive model of the change process and match therapist interventions
to the client's readiness for change.