T. Nikuni et al., Two-fluid hydrodynamics of a Bose gas including damping from normal fluid transport coefficients, CAN J PHYS, 78(5-6), 2000, pp. 415-432
We extend our recent work on the two-fluid hydrodynamics of the condensate
and noncondensate in a trapped Bose gas by including the dissipation associ
ated with viscosity and thermal conduction in the thermal cloud. For purpos
es of illustration, we consider the hydrodynamic modes in the case of a uni
form Bose gas. A finite thermal conductivity and shear viscosity give rise
to a damping of the first and second sound modes, in addition to the dampin
g found previously due to the lack of diffusive equilibrium between the con
densate and noncondensate. The relaxational mode associated with this equil
ibration process is strongly coupled to thermal fluctuations and reduces to
the usual thermal diffusion mode above the Bose-Einstein transition. In co
ntrast to the standard Landau two-fluid hydrodynamics, we predict a damped
mode centered at zero frequency, in addition to the usual second sound doub
let.