A reexamination of Schriesheim and Hinkin's (1990) measure of upward influence

Research examining the tactics used to influence others has served as a sig nificant line of inquiry over the past two decades. Critical to this stream of work has been the development of measures used to assess the frequency of upward influence tactics. This article reexamines a taxonomy and instrum entation originally presented by Kipnis et al. and modified by Schriesheim and Hinkin. The authors of this article assessed the factor structure, conv ergent, and discriminant validity of the 18-item, six-factor (i.e., asserti veness, exchange, rationality, ingratiation, upward appeal, and coalition b uilding) measure. Data relevant to the investigation of construct validity were gathered from four independent samples. Concerns regarding lower than acceptable reliability estimates and unexpected item-factor correlations su rfaced suggesting the need to develop a more appropriate measure of upward influence tactics.