Standing male equine urogenital endoscopic surgery

Standing laparoscopy in the horse was used initially as a diagnostic tool t o assist in the diagnosis of a cryptorchid testicle. Now, technique is also used for treatment of cryptorchid testicles. The focus of this article is the standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy, the most common laparoscopic p rocedure performed on the male equine urogenital tract. Advantages, disadva ntages, instrumentation, and general procedure are discussed.