The human motivational complex: Evolutionary theory and the causes of hunter-gatherer fighting, part II. Proximate, subordinate, and derivative causes

The study addresses the causes of fighting among hunter-gatherers, whose wa y of life represents 99.5 percent of human history. Focusing on somatic and reproductive causes in Part I and on such diverse causes as dominance, rev enge, the "security dilemma," and "pugnacity" in Part II, the study seeks t o show how all these motives, rather than being separate, come together in an integrated motivational complex, shaped by the logic of evolution and na tural selection.