Wetland rice soils as sources and sinks of methane: a review and prospectsfor research

Rice paddies are an important human-made ecosystem for the global CH4 budge t. CH4, which is produced in the predominantly anaerobic bulk soil layers, is oxidized significantly before it reaches the atmosphere. Roots of rice, in addition to supporting the consumption of CH4, contribute to the total C H4 production in the soil. The various controls of CH4 emission from this e cosystem depend on the structure of plant and microbial communities and the ir interactions. Availability of organic substrates, electron accepters and other soil- and plant-related factors influence the activities of microbia l communities. Agronomic practices including fertilization and application of pesticides have effects on CH4 emission. Recent studies using molecular retrieval approaches with small subunit rRNA-encoding gene (rDNA) sequences and functional genes, show-ed the richness of diversity of the microbial c ommunity ill rice paddy soils, which includes members of the Archaea and me thanotrophs. There is need for further research to know the consequences, a t the ecosystem level, of changes in microbial diversity and microbial comm unities in paddy soils. This will aid in understanding the mechanisms invol ved in the mitigating effects of certain agricultural practices.