Psychological response styles and cardiovascular health: Confound or independent risk factor?

Using results from 2 large cardiovascular studies, the authors examined the utility of treating psychological response styles as confounds (e.g., fact ors undermining relationships with other self-report variables) versus dist inct personality traits in the prediction of cardiovascular health. Study 1 consisted of a 3-year prospective study of ambulatory blood pressure level s in healthy adults (N = 125). Study 2 comprised a 12-week drug treatment p rogram for ischemic heart disease patients (N = 95). Participants completed measures of psychological factors and self-deception and impression manage ment in each study. Results consistently favored using response styles as d irect predictors. Self-deception scores predicted elevated 3-year diastolic and systolic blood pressure changes in Study 1 and poorer treatment outcom es in Study 2. Statistically controlling for response style effects within the psychological factors generally did not improve predictions. These find ings argue against the conceptualization of response styles as stylistic co nfounds.