Efficient and accurate representation of asynchronous network structure changing phenomena in digital real time simulators

Due to synchronization requirements related to the interfacing with externa l systems, digital real time simulators of electromagnetic transients for e quipment testing employ a constant integration time step width for solving the network equations. Therefore, the network solution is only calculated a t discrete and equidistantly spaced time instants while in reality the time domain is continuous. Changes in network structure that occur between the discrete solution points are generally not simulated exactly. This can lead to switching control mistakes and numerical problems. In this paper the no vel Clock Synchronized Structure Changing concept, which allows the accurat e and efficient simulation of structural changes at arbitrary time instants , is presented.