Transferrin-mediated uptake of aluminium by human parathyroid cells results in reduced parathyroid hormone secretion

Background. The present study investigates whether aluminium-transferrin (A l-Tf) uptake by Tf receptor-mediated endocytosis induces hypoparathyroidism and thus might contribute to the increasing prevalence of adynamic bone di sease (ABD) in the current dialysis population. Methods and Results. Human parathyroid glands as well as in vitro cultured human parathyroid cells were shown to express Tf receptors. Five-day-old cu ltures of parathyroid cells were incubated for 48 h in serum-free DMEM/F12 supplemented with 12 mu M apo-Tf: 12 mu M Tf to which 150 mu g/l Al or 150 mu g/l Al-citrate (Al-ci) was bound. The amount of Al taken up by the parat hyroid cells either as Al-Tf or Al-ci did not differ. However, incubation o f cell cultures with Al-Tf showed a significant proportional decrease (mean +/-SEM, -23.1+/-4.5%) in iPTH secretion as compared to the reference apo-Tf cultures. Al-ci did not suppress PTH secretion (+3.4+/-6.5%). The Al uptak e after incubation with Al-Tf was found to be dose-dependent. With regard t o iPTH secretion, a tendency toward a dose response relationship was observ ed. Northern blot analysis of parathyroid cells incubated in 12 mu M apo-Tf or 12 mu M Al-Tf demonstrated that the PTH mRNA synthesis was unaffected b y the Tf-mediated uptake of Al. These observations suggest an effect of Al on PTH release rather than on PTH synthesis. Since the cytoskeleton can pla y an important role in the release of secretory vesicles, the influence of Al on the structure of actin, beta-tubulin and vimentin was investigated by confocal microscopy. Comparison of cultures incubated with apo-Tf and Al-T F revealed no difference in the organization of these cytoskeletal proteins in relation to the inhibitory effect of Al-Tf on PTH secretion. Conclusion. In summary, data in the present paper demonstrate that the (i) human parathyroid gland/parathyroid cells exhibit Tf receptors; (ii) Al-Tf complex is taken up by the parathyroid gland in a dose-dependent manner; an d (iii) uptake of Al by Tf receptor-mediated endocytosis reduces the secret ion of PTH but not its synthesis. These in vitro findings allow us to sugge st that Tf receptor-mediated uptake of Al might, besides other factors such as vitamin D, high calcium dialysate or CaCO3 intake, play a role in the d evelopment of hypoparathyroidism associated with ABD. The exact mechanism b y which Al-Tf suppresses iPTH secretion remains to be elucidated.