A removal of Cu from the surface is observed when the Fermi level moves upw
ards in the bandgap of Cu(In,Ga)Se, semiconductors during contact formation
. A model based on a comparison of band edge energies and electrochemical r
edox energies is proposed, which qualitatively explains the observations an
d might be used as a simple rule for predicting similar defect formation pr
ocesses. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.