Effects of chronic exposure to coal in wild rodents (Ctenomys torquatus) evaluated by multiple methods and tissues

Rio Grande do Sul (RS) coal is low quality and typically obtained by strip mining. In a recent study concerning 2 years of biomonitoring in coal regio ns, we demonstrated the genotoxicity of coal and related products on blood cells of native rodents, from RS, Brazil. With the goal of studying the var iations in the effects of RS coal on different tissues of the same rodent, we utilized, besides the single cell gel (SCG) and micronucleus (MN) assay on blood, histological analyses and SCG assay of bone marrow, spleen, kidne y, liver and lung cells, and MN assay of bone marrow and spleen cells. In a ddition, to identify agents that can potentially influence the results, con centrations of several heavy metals were analyzed in livers and in soil, an d the total concentration of hydrocarbons in the soil was determined. Roden ts exposed to coal were captured at two different sites, Butia and Candiota , in RS. Reference animals were obtained from Pelotas, where there is no co al mining. This report provides chemical and biological data from coal regi ons, indicating the possible association between Zn, Ni, Pb and hydrocarbon s in the induction of DNA damage (e.g. single strand-breaks and alkali-labi le sites) determined by the alkaline SCG assay in cells from Ctenomys torqu atus. The results of the present SCG study indicate that coal and by-produc ts not only induce DNA damage in blood cells, but also in other tissue cell s, mainly liver, kidney and lung. Neither the MN assay nor histopathologica l observations showed significant differences; these analyses may be useful under circumstances where genotoxicity is higher. In conclusion we believe that the in vivo genotoxicity of coal can be biomonitored by the SCG assay , and our studies suggest that wild rodents, such as C. torquatus are usefu l for monitoring genotoxic damage by both methods, the SCG assay and the MN test. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.