Coral reef disturbance and resilience in a human-dominated environment

Facing a human-dominated world, ecologists are now reconsidering the role o f disturbance for coral reef ecosystem dynamics. Human activities alter the natural disturbance regimes of coral reefs by transforming pulse events in to persistent disturbance or even chronic stress, by introducing new distur bance, or by suppressing or removing disturbance. Adding these alterations to natural disturbance regimes will probably result in unknown synergistic effects. Simultaneously. humans are altering the capacity of reefs to cope with disturbance (e.g. by habitat fragmentation and reduction of functional diversity), which further exacerbates the effects of altered disturbance r egimes. A disturbance that previously triggered the renewal and development of reefs might, under such circumstances, become an obstacle to developmen t. The implications of these changes for reef-associated human activities, such as fishing and tourism, can be substantial.