This review describes how the growth cycles of biennial and primocane fruit
ing raspberry cultivars are controlled by the environment, the genotype and
cultural practices. For plants to fruit outside their normal season, these
growth cycles need to be manipulated and optimized for fruit production at
specific times of the year. Techniques to achieve this are discussed in th
e accompanying paper. In addition it identifies areas which are less well u
nderstood and in need of further investigation.