Crosstalks of two-waveguide and three-waveguide directional couplers are an
alyzed mathematically based on the relationship between the coupled mode an
d the normal mode. Numerical techniques such as the finite-difference metho
d and the beam propagation method are employed to confirm the validity of t
he derived expressions. The calculation results show that two-waveguide dir
ectional coupler is superior to any type of three-waveguide couplers from t
he practical viewpoint of the crosstalk and the coupling length.