Mixed-dimensional coupling in finite element models

In many finite element analysis models it would be desirable to combine red uced- or lower-dimensional element types with higher-dimensional element ty pes in a single model. In order to achieve compatibility of displacements a nd stress equilibrium at the junction or interface between the differing el ement types, it is important in such cases to integrate into the analysis s ome scheme for coupling the element types. A novel and effective scheme for establishing compatibility and equilibrium at the dimensional interface is described and its merits and capabilities are demonstrated. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.