Reorganization of primary motor cortex in adult macaque monkeys with long-standing amputations

The organization of primary motor cortex (M1) of adult macaque monkeys was examined years after therapeutic amputation of part of a limb or digits. Fo r each case, a large number of sites in M1 were electrically stimulated wit h a penetrating microelectrode, and the evoked movements and levels of curr ent needed to evoke the movements were recorded. Results from four monkeys with the loss of a forelimb near or above the elbow show that extensive reg ions of cortex formerly devoted to the missing hand evoked movements of the stump and the adjoining shoulder. Threshold current levels for stump movem ents were comparable to those for normal arm movements. Few or no sites in the estimated former territory of the hand evoked face movements. Similar p atterns of reorganization were observed in all four cases, which included t wo monkeys injured as adults, one as a juvenile, and one as an infant. In a single monkey with a hindlimb amputation at the knee as an infant, stimula tion of cortex in the region normally devoted to the foot moved the leg stu mp, again at thresholds in the range for normal movements. Finally, in a mo nkey that had lost digit 5 and the distal phalanges of digits 2-4 at 2 yr o f age, much of the hand portion of M1 was devoted to movements of the digit stumps.