Health advantages and disadvantages of weight reducing diets: A computer analysis and critical review

Background: Some weight-loss diets are nutritionally sound and consistent w ith recommendations for healthy eating while others are "fad" diets encoura ging irrational and, sometimes, unsafe practices. Objective: The purpose of the study was to compare several weight loss diet s and assess their potential long-term effects. Design: Eight popular weight-loss diets were selected (Atkins, Protein Powe r, Sugar Busters, Zone, ADA Exchange, High-Fiber Fitness, Pritikin and Orni sh) to be nan-clinically analyzed by means of a computer to predict their r elative benefits/potential harm. A summary description, menu plan and recom mended snacks were developed for each diet. The nutrient composition of eac h diet was determined using computer software, and a Food Pyramid Score was calculated to compare diets. The Mensink, Hegsted and other formulae were applied to estimate coronary heart disease risk factors. Results: Higher fat diets are higher in saturated fats and cholesterol than current dietary guidelines and their long-term use would increase serum ch olesterol levels and risk for CHD. Diets restricted in sugar intake would l ower serum cholesterol levels and long-term risk for CHD; however, higher c arbohydrate, higher fiber, lower fat diets would have the greatest effect i n decreasing serum cholesterol concentrations and risk of CHD. Conclusions: While high fat diets may promote shea-term weight loss, the po tential hazards for worsening risk for progression of atherosclerosis overr ide the short-term benefits. Individuals derive the greatest health benefit s from diets low in saturated fat and high in carbohydrate and fiber; these increase sensitivity to insulin and lower risk for CHD.