Over the past two decades, research in animal models has indicated that alp
ha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) has potent anti-inflammatory
properties. Furthermore, recent data show that the peptide has antimicrobia
l Effects and probably contributes to innate immunity. alpha-MSH, which is
produced by many extrapituitary human cells, should no longer be considered
solely a pituitary hormone; rather, it should be viewed as a ubiquitous mo
dulatory peptide.