P. Bances et al., Annexin A11 (ANXA11) gene structure as the progenitor of paralogous annexins and source of orthologous cDNA isoforms, GENOMICS, 69(1), 2000, pp. 95-103
The genomic organization of the annexin A11 gene was determined in mouse an
d human to assess its congruity with other family members and to examine th
e species variation in alternative splicing patterns. Mouse annexin A11 gen
omic clones were characterized by restriction analysis, Southern blotting,
and DNA sequencing, and the homologous human gene (HGMW-approved gene symbo
l ANXA11) was deciphered from high-throughput genomic sequence with coanaly
sis of expressed sequence tags. Exons 6-15 of the tetrad core repeat region
differ from annexins A7 and A13 but are spliced identically to other phylo
genetic descendents, making annexin A11 the putative primary progenitor of
up to nine paralogous human annexins. The 5' regions consist of untranslate
d exon 1, followed by an extensive intron 1 comprising almost half the tota
l gene length of >40 kb, and additional GC-rich exons 2-5 encoding the prol
ine- and glycine-rich amino-terminus, Distinct cDNA isoforms in cow and hum
an were determined to be unique to each species and hence of dubious genera
l significance for this gene's function. Multiple transcription start sites
were revealed by primer extension analysis of the mouse gene, and transfec
tion constructs containing the prospective promoter generated transcription
al activity comparable to that of the SV40 promoter. Internal repetitive el
ements and vicinal gene markers were mapped for the complete human annexin
A11 gene sequence to characterize the surrounding genomic environment, (C)
2000 Academic Press.