Thoracic manifestations associated with advanced liver disease

Advanced liver disease and portal hypertension may produce various intratho racic complications that involve the pleural space, lung parenchyma, and pu lmonary circulation. Dyspnea and arterial hypoxemia are the common clinical symptoms and signs in patients with such complications. In these patients, intrathoracic complications most often develop during the course of hepati c disease, but a few patients may be seen first with respiratory symptoms o r radiographic abnormalities. Therefore, radiologists should be made aware of these disorders that occur in patients with chronic liver disease. In th is article, the authors describe and illustrate the clinical and imaging sp ectrum of thoracic abnormalities associated with advanced liver disease and portal hypertension.