The mortality of intertidal cirripedes

Intertidal cirripedes are readily available on rocky shores. They are found in large numbers and, in most cases, are easily accessible. They have, the refore, been widely used in marine ecological studies. in their intertidal habitat, during their lifetime, they face physical and biotic pressures whi ch may impede their growth or sometimes destroy them completely The protect ive measures developed by barnacles to counteract physical factors such as ice scour and exposure to waves have been reviewed. The removal of cyprids and newly settled barnacles by algal whiplash or bulldozing by grazing orga nisms has been considered. The smothering of juveniles and adults by overgr owing competitors is a biological interaction that cannot be regarded as pr edation but is still important in the cirripede habitat. Predation. in the true sense of the word, has been dealt with systematically from hydrozoans through fish and birds to man. Community studies that probably started on E uropean shores have been extended worldwide.