Determinants of physiologic tremor in a large normal population

Objectives: It has been well established that peripheral mechanical resonan t factors as well as central mechanisms may play a role in the generation o f physiological tremor (PT). Furthermore it has been postulated that subjec t's attributes like age and sex might influence PT. The present study was d esigned to quantify these influences on PT in a large normal population. Methods: Physiological hand and finger tremors were measured in a group of 117 normal subjects between 20 and 94 years of age using accelerometry and surface EMG recordings from the forearm flexor and extensor muscles. The ha nd tremor was measured in a postural position with and without weight, and the finger tremor was recorded with the arm outstretched, forearm supported and hand supported. Hand volume and grip force were measured in each subje ct. Results: Hand tremor frequency (mean 7.7 Hz) was reduced significantly by a dded inertia (mean 5.2 Hz) and it was negatively correlated with hand volum e while there was no correlation with grip force. Finger tremor showed, sub ject to the arm position, maximally 3 and at least two distinct frequency b ands (1-4, 6-11 and 15-30 Hz) reflecting the resonance frequencies of the w hole arm, the hand and the finger, respectively. A significant EMG peak was found in 50-80% of the recordings. This EMG synchronization gave rise to a corresponding accelerometer peak or a significant EMG-EMG coherence in abo ut one-third of the population indicating a central component of PT because its frequency was unaffected by mechanical changes in the periphery. We di d not find a significant influence of age on the tremor frequency, while th e sex of the subjects slightly but significantly changed the frequency rang e of hand tremor. Multiple partial correlations revealed, however, that the only direct influence on hand tremor frequency is the hand volume indicati ng that the influence of sex on hand tremor frequency is an indirect effect produced by the significantly larger hands of male subjects. Conclusions: In conclusion, the main determinants of PT are the mechanical properties of the oscillating limb. Apart from the dominating peripheral re sonance mechanism we found indications of an additional central component o f PT in about one-third of the normal population. There was no age dependen ce of tremor frequency and it was shown that the influence of the subjects' sex on tremor frequency only represents an indirect mechanical effect. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.