Novel cyclic adenosine 3 ',5 '-monophosphate (cAMP) response element modulator theta isoforms expressed by two newly identified cAMP-responsive promoters active in the testis

cAMP signaling contributes to the control of the developmental progression of germ cells during the spermatogenic cycle. Genes regulated by cAMP inclu de those encoding transcription factors such as the cAMP-responsive element modulator (CREM). The disruption of CREM gene expression in crem null mice results in arrest of spermatogenesis and infertility. The transcriptional control of the CREM gene is attributed to two promoters, P1 and P2. The P1 promoter constitutively activates the synthesis of messenger RNAs encoding activator (tau) and repressor (alpha) forms of CREM, whereas the cAMP-respo nsive P2 promoter activates the formation of messenger RNAs encoding the in ducible cAMP early repressor. Here we report the identification of two addi tional promoters in the CREM gene, P3 and P4, that in the rat testis encode two novel transcriptional activator CREM isoforms, termed CREM theta1 and CREM theta2, respectively. Notably, the P3 and P4 promoters are activated b y cAMP-dependent protein kinase, thereby providing cAMP-regulated transcrip tion of CREM activators in addition to the established cAMP-regulated induc ible cAMP early repressor. Analysis ex vivo of CREM gene ex expression in t emporally staged segments of the seminiferous tubule during the spermatogen ic cycle shows that the activities of the P1, P3, and P4 promoters are inde pendently regulated. Our identification of the cAMP-activated P3 and P4 pro moters that direct expression of the novel theta1 and theta2 activator isof orms of CREM brings further insight into the complex expression of the CREM gene during germ cell development and may have implications in understandi ng the control of fertility.