Ge. Athanasiadou et Ar. Nix, A novel 3-D indoor ray-tracing propagation model: The path generator and evaluation of narrow-band and wide-band predictions, IEEE VEH T, 49(4), 2000, pp. 1152-1168
A novel three-dimensional (3-D) ray-tracing model capable of supporting det
ailed representation of the indoor environment, as well as external buildin
g structures, is presented in this paper. The developed algorithm uses a hy
brid imaging technique where the two-dimensional (2-D) image generations in
vertical and horizontal planes are combined to produce 3-D paths. It also
employs the concept of "illumination zones'' of the images which greatly si
mplifies the image map and allows the evaluation of complex indoor scenario
s.
In order to investigate the accuracy of the presented model, comparisons of
predictions with narrow-band and wide-band measurements are performed in l
ine-of-sight (LOS), non-LOS (NLOS), and deep shadow areas, both for co- and
cross-polarized antennas. The analysis shows that accurate power predictio
ns can be achieved for both antenna polarizations with rms errors less than
7 dB, even vc-hen long sections of the test route are in deep shadow areas
. There is a trend agreement between the simulated and measured channel imp
ulse responses, while the rms delay spread in NLOS areas is predicted with
less than 5-ns rms error (or better than 13% normalized mean error). The pa
per provides an insight into the real and the modeled radio channel.