The internal bone adaptation of the proximal femur is considered. A three-d
imensional finite element model of the proximal femur is used. The bone rem
odeling in this work is numerically described by an evolutionary remodeling
scheme with anisotropic material parameters and time-dependent loading. Th
e memory of past loading is included in the model to account for the delay
in the bone response from the load changes. The remodeling rate equation is
derived from the structural optimization task of maximizing the stiffness
in each time step. Additional information can be extracted from the optimiz
ation process; the remodeling equilibrium parameter where no apposition or
resorption takes place, is defined as the element optimality conditions and
the optimal design is used as an initial design for the onset of the remod
eling simulation. Two examples of bone adaptation resulting from load chang
es are given, and the irreversible nature of the model is illustrated. (C)
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