It is self-evident that the adult mammalian brain and spinal cord do not re
generate after injury, but recent discoveries have forced a reconsideration
of this accepted principle. Advances in our understanding of how the brain
develops have provided a rough blueprint for how we may bring about regene
ration in the damaged brain. Studies in developmental neurobiology, intrace
llular signalling and neuroimmunology are bringing the regeneration field c
loser to success. Notwithstanding these advances, clear and indisputable ev
idence for adult functional regeneration remains to be shown.