We manipulated brood sizes of Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) in 1996 a
nd 1997 to test for the existence of intra- and intergenerational costs of
reproduction. Modal clutch size was six eggs, but experimental brood sizes
ranged from two to nine young. Nestling starvation was higher in 1996 (and
dependent on brood size) than in 1997, but in both years enlargement of bro
od size resulted in increased productivity. Nestling mass near fledging was
negatively correlated with brood size, but tarsus length and wing chord we
re not. Food deliveries by parents increased steadily between broods of two
to six young but then remained constant between broods of six to nine youn
g. The loss of female mass between incubation and the end of the nestling p
eriod was positively related to the pair's total feeding effort, and female
mass near fledging declined with increasing brood size. The latter decline
disappeared, however, when broods of nine were omitted. Adult return rate
(1996 to 1997) was highest among birds that raised enlarged broods. Our res
ults, and a review of other studies of Tree Swallows, suggest that broods o
f seven or eight young can be raised without costs to the parents or young,
and it appears that costs associated with feeding young have not influence
d annual fecundity of Tree Swallows. Rather, egg production is most likely
limited by energy availability to laying females. A major cost of reproduct
ion for Tree Swallows probably arises from nest-site competition in that ea
rly arrival in spring to obtain nest sites exposes adults to high risks of
death from starvation.