Disposition of [ring-U-C-14]styrene in rats and mice exposed by recirculating nose-only inhalation

The disposition of styrene was studied in a group of 12 Sprague Dawley rats and two groups of 30 CD1 mice exposed separately to 160 ppm [ring-U-C-14]s tyrene of high specific radioactivity of 1.92 TBq x mol(-1) (52 Ci x mol(-1 )) for 6 h. A nose-only exposure system was successfully adapted to (1) rec irculate a portion of the flow to limit the amount of C-14-styrene required , and (2) avoid any polymerization of the compound. The mean uptake of styr ene in rats was 113 +/- 7 mu mol x kg(-1) x h(-1) and stable over time. The mean uptake in mice was higher, 189 +/- 53 and 183 +/- 76 mu mol x kg(-1) x h(-1), for the first and second mouse inhalation experiment, but decrease d steadily over time. Some of the mice, but none of the rats, showed signs of overt toxicity, The overall excretion of styrene and its metabolites was quantitatively similar in rats and mice. Urinary excretion was the primary route of excretion while fecal excretion accounted for only a very small p art of the radioactivity. There was, however, a significant difference betw een mice and rats in the exhalation of (CO2)-C-14, which must have resulted from opening and subsequent breakdown of the aromatic ring. In mice the ex halation of (CO2)-C-14 accounted for 6.4 +/- 1.0 and 8.0 +/- 0.5% of the st yrene retained during the first and second mouse inhalation experiment. In rats, exhalation of (CO2)-C-14 accounted for only 2.0 +/- 0.7% of the retai ned styrene. Together with the results from the quantitative whole-body aut oradiography (showing significantly higher binding in mouse lung and nasal passages compared to rat) the larger production of (CO2)-C-14 might be indi cative of the formation of reactive ring-opened metabolites in the mouse lu ng, which, in turn, might be related to the observed development of bronchi oalveolar tumors and nasal effects in mice exposed to styrene.