Smeared crack models of RC beams with externally bonded CFRP plates

Concrete, a complex mix of variously sized aggregates, sand, water, additiv es and cement binder, is one of the more common engineering materials used for the design and construction of structures and bridges. Concrete is char acterised by good compressive strength properties but it demands the use of internal reinforcement, generally in the form of round steel bars, to carr y tensile stresses. The strength of the resulting element is dependent on t he amount and distribution of steel reinforcement included during construct ion. It is not however possible to include additional internal reinforcemen t after construction in the event of the applied loading being increased an d therefore consideration must be given to strengthening the structure exte rnally, demolishing it, or confining it to specific usage, for example a ma ximum weight restriction on a bridge. In circumstances where restricted usa ge is not practicable structural strengthening is generally more favourable than demolition and replacement. Research in the area of strengthening of existing bridge beams is currently topical in the European Union given rece nt EU directives, aimed at encouraging free trade and movement of goods and services, which require all bridges to take 40 tonne vehicles. This paper describes the numerical modelling procedures employed, using sme ared crack models available in ANSYS V5.4, to capture the load-deformation response and modes of failure, of reinforced concrete beams which have been strengthened, using carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite mater ial plates. Experimental verifications of these simulations have also been performed and are discussed in the present paper.