The Scandinavian notion of citizenship is based upon a strong participatory
tradition. A broad notion of democracy includes not only formal political
institutions but also the activities of social movements and voluntary asso
ciations in civil society. In social democratic citizenship, tension thus p
ersists between traditions of governance where consensus-building is mediat
ed through centralized corporate negotiations between major economic organi
zations, and an egalitarian, participatory tradition based on movement acti
vism.