Caffeic acid-induced changes in plant-water relationships and photosynthesis in leafy spurge Euphorbia esula

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula), a native perennial weed introduced from Eur asia around the turn of the century, disrupts natural and agroecosystems ac ross much of the Northern Great Plains. While leafy spurge displaces many n ative plant species, it has been demonstrated that small everlasting (Anten naria microphylla), a native perennial, is allelopathic to leafy spurge. Ca ffeic acid (CA), one of three compounds isolated from small everlasting, in hibits leafy spurge seed germination, root elongation, and callus culture g rowth. This study investigated the mechanism of this interference at the wh ole-plant level. Results indicate that inhibition of growth in leafy spurge after exposure to CA is primarily due to a disruption of plant-water relat ions. Leafy spurge cuttings were propagated in 0.5 strength Hoagland's nutr ient solution for 30 days. For treatments, six plants were transferred into nutrient medium amended with either 0.1 or 0.25 mM CA for a period of 30 d ays. To determine the effect of pH, two additional groups of six plants wer e grown in nutrient medium adjusted with HCl corresponding to pH revels of plants treated with CA (pH 5.5-5.8 for 0.1 mM CA and pH 4.5-4.8 for 0.25 mM CA). By day 12 of the treatment period, plants treated with both levels of CA had significantly higher leaf diffusive resistances than control plants . Plants grown at the corresponding pH levels experienced higher diffusive resistances later in the treatment period (day 21). Transpiration was simil arly affected with treated plants showing relatively higher transpiration r ates compared to controls. Chlorophyll fluorescence was significantly lower than controls in all treated plants by end of the treatment period. The st able carbon isotope ratio (C-13:C-12) in these plants was higher than contr ols. These data show that a disruption of plant water relations is the prim ary mechanism of plant growth inhibition.