'Turn right at the traffic lights': The requirement for landmarks in vehicle navigation systems

This paper argues for the use of landmarks (for example, traffic lights, ch urches, petrol stations) within the turn-by-turn visual and voice direction s given by in-vehicle navigation systems. Such prominent features of the dr iving environment are consistent with basic human navigational strategies, are valued by drivers, and have been shown significantly to improve the usa bility of electronic in-car navigational aids. For future systems actively to include such information, it is critical that (a) only 'good' landmarks are used, (b) such landmarks are presented to the driver in the most approp riate way, and (c) the practical needs of industry are fully accounted for.