Most patients with advanced-stage follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) a
re not cured with conventional therapy. The use of high-dose therapy and au
tologous stem-cell transplantation in patients with relapsed follicular NHL
has received increasing attention. Several large studies suggest a disease
-free survival rate of approximately 40% among patients transplanted during
sensitive relapse, although the role of autologous transplantation in firs
t remission remains controversial, Patients with histologic transformation
from low-grade to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma whose disease remains sensi
tive to conventional therapy have a similar disease-free survival rate, All
ogeneic transplantation has achieved relapse, overall survival, and treatme
nt-related death rates of approximately 15%, 50%, and 40%, respectively, in
patients with follicular NHL. Studies of minimal residual disease suggest
that the presence of lymphoma cells in the autologous graft and within the
patient before clinically apparent relapse is predictive of later recurrenc
e. Therefore, treatment of minimal residual disease may improve the outcome
of high-dose therapy. Use of a tumor-free stem-cell product through improv
ed purging or allogeneic stem cells is one approach, although the morbidity
and mortality of allogeneic transplantation remain high. Immunomodulatory
strategies with monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, or adoptive immunotherapy
may be particularly well suited to patients at high risk for relapse follow
ing high-dose therapy.