R. Roy et al., Nucleophilic ligand displacement in dichloro[2-(arylazo)heterocycle]palladium(II) complexes by benzimidazole - a kinetic and mechanistic study, TRANSIT MET, 26(1-2), 2001, pp. 205-211
The reactions of benzimidazole (Bimz) with dichloro{2-(arylazo)pyridine}pal
ladium(II), [Pd(aap)Cl-2 (3), aap = R'C6H4N= N-2-C5H4N; R' = H(a), o-Me(b),
m-Me(c), p-Me(d), p-Cl(e)] and dichloro{2-(arylazo)pyrimidine}palladium(II
), [Pd(aapm)Cl-2 (4), aapm = R''C6H4N=N-2-C6H3N2; R'' = H(a), o-Me(b), m-Me
(c), p-Me(d), p-Cl(e)] were followed separately. The kinetics were examined
under pseudo-first order conditions with reference to Bimz in MeCN at 385
and 390 nm, respectively and at 298 K using a u.v.-vis. spectrophotometer.
The product was isolated and characterised as trans-Pd(Bimz)(2)Cl-2. The re
action between Pd(aap)Cl-2 and Bimz follows the rate law, rate = K[Bimz](2)
[Pd(aap)Cl-2], a single step process, whereas biphasic behaviour is observe
d for the reaction between Pd(aapm)Cl-2 and Bimz; each step is first order
with respect to the concentration of complex and to Bimz. The rate data sup
port a nucleophilic association path and the rate decreases upon addition o
f Cl-(LiCl). The aryl ring substituent of the arylazoheterocycle influences
the substitution rate as follows: k(e) > k(a) > k(d) > k(c) > k(b). The k-
values are linearly correlated with Hammett sigma constants with usual devi
ations for the m-Me and o-Me substituents because of their steric crowding.
The rate follows the order: k(aap) > k(aapm). This is unusual with referen
ce to the pi -acidity order of the heterocycles, pyridine < pyrimidine, as
the increased pi -acidity will enhance the nucleophilic association. The ch
arge density calculation by MNDO method shows that in the pyrimidine ring o
f arylazopyrimidine, the peripheral m-N(uncoordinated) carries a high negat
ive charge which may retard the nucleophilic association rate. This effect
is absent in the pyridine ring of arylazopyridine and may be the reason for
the faster single step nucleophilic substitution in Pd(aap)Cl-2.