Microsporogenesis, pollination, pollen germination and male gametophyte development in Taxus brevifolia

Taxus brevifolia (Nutt.), commonly known as Pacific or western yew, is a co nifer native to the Pacific northwest of North America. Contrary to other T axus species, T. brevifolia staminate strobili are usually located on 2-yea r-old foliage although they may occur on foliage from 1 to 5-years-old. Thi s delayed staminate strobilus development may be an adaptation to the low l ight environment where T. brevifolia grows. Microsporogenesis occurred in t he autumn preceding pollination. Successive divisions produced isobilateral tetrads visible as early as mid-October. Overwintering staminate strobili usually contained separate microspores. In 1996 to 1999, pollination occurr ed in March and April in two natural forest sites on southern Vancouver Isl and, British Columbia, Canada. The low amounts of airborne pollen and prolo nged pollination period indicated low pollination success within T. brevifo lia. Female receptivity was measured by the presence of a pollination drop. Protandry up to 18 d was observed. In vitro pollen germination was moderat e to good, ranging from 65 to 88% depending on the tree and year. DAPI fluo rescence staining showed successful male gametophyte development in vitro. The microspore divided forming a tube nucleus and generative cell within 3 d of culture. The generative cell then divided forming a sterile nucleus an d spermatogenous nucleus after 17 d. The spermatogenous nucleus acquired a cell wall then divided forming two equal sperm after 24 d. (C) 2000 Annals of Botany Company.