Closed chest bilateral mammary artery grafting in double-vessel coronary artery disease

A clinical case of a closed chest double-vessel total endoscopic coronary a rtery bypass procedure was performed using a wrist-enhanced, three-dimensio nal-based robotic system. A patient suffering from lesions of the left coro nary artery system was effectively treated surgically without median sterno tomy or minithoracotomy. This encourages optimism for introducing closed ch est endoscopic bypass operations into the surgical routine for patients suf fering from double-vessel coronary artery disease. (Ann Thorac Surg 2000;70 :1699-701) (C) 2000 by The Society of Thoracic Surgeons.