Air and biological monitoring of solvent exposure during graffiti removal

Objective: The principal aim of the study was to estimate the level of expo sure to organic solvents of graffiti removers, and to identify the chemical s used in different cleaning agents. A secondary objective was to inform ab out the toxicity of various products and to optimise working procedures. Me thods: Exposure to organic solvents was determined by active air sampling a nd biological monitoring among 38 graffiti removers during an 8-h work shif t in the Stockholm underground system. The air samples and biological sampl es were analysed by gas chromatography. Exposure to organic solvents was al so assessed by a questionnaire and interviews. Results: Solvents identified were N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether (DPGME ), propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME), diethylene glycol monoethyl et her (DEGEE), toluene, xylene, pseudocumene, hemimellitine, mesitylene, ethy lbenzene, limonene, nonane, decane, undecane, hexandecane and gamma -butyro lactone. The 8-h average exposures [time-weighted average (TWA)] were below 20% of the Swedish permissible exposure limit Value (PEL) for all solvents identified. In poorly ventilated spaces, e.g. in elevators etc., the short -term exposures exceeded occasionally the Swedish short-term exposure limit values (STEL). The blood and urine concentrations of NMP and its metabolit es were low. Glycol ethers and their metabolites (2-methoxypropionic acid ( MPA), ethoxy acetic acid (EAA), butoxy acetic acid (BAA), and 2-(2-methoxye thoxy) acetic acid (MEAA)) were found in low concentrations in urine. There were significant correlation between the concentrations of NMP in air and levels of NMP and its metabolites in blood and urine. The use of personal p rotective equipment, i.e. gloves and respirators, was generally high. Concl usions: Many different cleaning agents were used. The average exposure to s olvents was low, but some working tasks included relatively high short-term exposure. To prevent adverse health effects, it is important to inform wor kers about the health risks and to restrict the use of the most toxic chemi cals. Furthermore, it is important to develop good working procedures and t o encourage the use of personal protection equipment.