A patient with cirrhosis and ascites who developed spontaneous bacteri
al peritonitis due to Campylobacter fetus is described herein. This or
ganism has been increasingly associated with bacteremia and localized
infections in patients with cirrhosis and other immunocompromised stat
es, but spontaneous bacterial peritonitis has been rarely reported. We
review Campylobacter fetus infections and their relationship to devel
opment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and we emphasize that pro
longed antimicrobial therapy is required.