The insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene determines coronary vascular tone and nitric oxide activity

OBJECTIVES We investigated whether the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphis m in the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene modulates vasomotor tone and endothelial function. BACKGROUND The deletion allele of the ACE I/D polymorphism has been associa ted with increased incidence of cardiovascular pathology. The risk is syner gistically increased in patients who also possess the C allele at position 1,166 of the angiotensin type I (AT1) receptor gene. METHODS In 177 patients with coronary atherosclerosis or its risk factors, we investigated endothelial function with intracoronary acetylcholine (ACH) , endothelium-independent smooth muscle function with sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and basal nitric oxide activity with L-N-G monomethyl arginine. RESULTS Compared with ACE II genotype, patients with the ACE DD genotype ha d lower coronary microvascular and epicardial responses with SNP (coronary blood flow increase 196 +/- 26% vs. 121 +/- 11%, p = 0.003, and diameter in crease 21.9 +/- 2% vs. 17 +/- 1%, p = 0.03, ACE II vs. DD, respectively). L -N-G monomethyl arginine induced greater constriction in patients with the ACE DD compared with ACE II genotype (coronary blood flow -10 +/- 4% vs. 11 +/- 5%, p = 0.003, ACE DD vs. II and diameter constriction -6.3 +/- 1.2% v s. -1.9 +/- 1.2%, p = 0.01, respectively, in patients with atherosclerosis) . No difference in ACH mediated vasomotion was detected between the three A CE genotypes. The AT1 receptor polymorphism did not influence responses to tither SNP or ACH. CONCLUSIONS Patients possessing the D allele of the ACE gene have increased vascular smooth muscle tone. The enhanced tone appears tu be counterbalanc ed by an increase in basal nitric oxide activity in patients with atheroscl erosis. (C) 2000 by the American College of Cardiology.