Sequence analysis of transposable elements in the sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis

A systematic search of 1 Mb of genomic sequences from the sea squirt, Ciona intestinalis, revealed the presence of six families of transposable elemen ts. The Cigr-1 retrotransposon contains identical 245-bp long terminal repe ats (LTRs) and a 3,630-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding translation pro ducts in the same order as the domains characteristic of gypsy/Ty3-type LTR retrotransposons. The closest homologs of the reverse transcriptase domain were in gypsy elements from Drosophila and the sushi element from the puff erfish. However, the capsid-nucleocapsid region shows the dearest homology to an echinoderm element, Tgr1. Database searches also indicated two classe s of non-LTR retrotransposon, named Cili-1 and Cili-2. The Cili-1 sequences show matches to regions of the ORF2 product of mammalian L1 elements. The Cili-2 sequences possess similarity to the RNaseH domain of Lian-Aa1, a mos quito non-LTR retrotransposon. The most abundant element was a short inters persed nucleotide element named Cics-1 with a copy number estimated at 40,0 00. Cics-1 consists of two conserved domains separated by an A-rich stretch . The 172-bp 5' domain is related to tRNA sequences, whereas the 110-bp 3' domain is unique. Cics-1 is unusual, not just in its modular structure, but also in its lack of a 3' poly(A) tail or direct flanking repeats. A second abundant element, Cimi-1, has an A+T-rich 193-bp consensus sequence and 30 -bp terminal inverted repeats (TIRs) and is usually flanked by A+T-rich 2-4 -bp putative target site duplications-characteristics of miniature inverted -repeat transposable elements found in plants and insects. A single 2,444-b p foldback element was found, possessing long TIRs containing an A+T-rich i nternal domain, an array of subrepeats, and a flanking domain at the TIR en ds; this is the first example of a chordate foldback element. This study pr ovides the first systematic characterization of the families of transposabl e elements in a lower chordate.