Present adaptive-rate pacemakers use a range of sensors for implementation
in open-loop and closed-loop control systems. Hemodynamic sensors that dete
ct the mechanical action of the heart and bloodflow offer additional featur
es to implement physiologic rate adaption in rate-controlling systems and r
ate-limiting systems. Examples of 2 such sensors ore presented. (C) 2000 by
Excerpta Medica, Inc.