Emerging pathogens in drinking water have become increasingly important dur
ing the decade. These include newly-recognized pathogens from fecal sources
such as Cryptosporidium parvum, Campylobacter spp., and rotavirus, as well
as pathogens that are able to grow in water distribution systems, like Leg
ionella spp., mycobacteria, and aeromonads, To perform a risk analysis for
the pathogens in drinking water, it is necessary to understand the ecology
of these organisms. The ecology of the drinking-water distribution system h
as to be evaluated in detail, especially the diversity and physiological pr
operties of water bacteria. The interactions between water bacteria and (po
tential) pathogens in such diverse habitats as free water and biofilms are
essential for the survival or growth of hygienically relevant organisms in
drinking water. Results of epidemiological studies together with ecological
data are the basis for effective resource protection, water treatment, and
risk assessment.