Electron microscopy evidence of aggregation under three different size scales for soot nanoparticles in flame

The microstructure of soot at larger (similar to1 s) residence times within a propane-air diffusion flame is here investigated using Transmission Elec tron Microscopy. Three classes of nanoparticles are observed. The first is recognised as the well-known class of primary particles (20-50 nm) that usu ally are reported to be the sub-units that make up the chain-like and fract al soot aggregates. The other two categories of carbon nanoparticles here s hown are termed sub-primary graphitical particles (6-9 nm), and elementary particles (<5 nm). Sub-primaries appear to be graphite-like, ellipsoidal in shape and clustered together to form small chains of less than 10 units El ementary particles appear to be made up of very regularly sized transpnl en t shells (<similar to>4 nm), amorphous carbon and inner graphitic nuclei (s imilar to0.5-2 nm). Elementary particles are often observed to be closely p acked together and to fill all the available space between graphitic layers and larger particles. Aggregation of sub-primary with primary particles is also observed to occur. Vesicle-like structures of about 15 nm external di mension with a shell about 5 nm thick, and short tubular structures of leng th 5-10 nm and diameter 0.5-1 nm are episodically individuated in TEM micro graphs. The major result can be summarised as evidence of a strongly polydi spersed agglomeration mechanism occurring under three different scales of p article size. The implications of such a result in terms of coagulation tim es for each of the observed nanoparticle types are also discussed. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.